Ayres HM, Furr JR and Russell AD. Effect of permeabilizers on antibiotic sensitivity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Lett Appl Microbiol 1999; 28:13–16.

Ayres HM, Furr JR and Russell AD. Effect of divalent cations on permeabilizer-induced lysozyme lysis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Lett Appl Microbiol 1998; 27:372–374.

Ayres HM, Payne DN, Furr JR, Russell, AD. Effect of permeabilizing agents on antibacterial activity against a simple Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm. Lett Appl Microbiol 1998; 27:79–82.

Asbell MA, Eagon RG. The role of multivalent cations in the organization and structure of bacterial cell walls. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1966; 22:664–671.

Ashworth CD, Nelson DR. Antimicrobial potentiation of irrigation solutions containing tris-(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane- EDTA. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1990; 197:1513–1514.

Banin, E et col. Chelator induced dispersal and killing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells in a biofilm. Applied and Enviromental Microbiology 2006.

Bayer ME, Leive L. Effect of ethlyenediamintetraacetate upon the surface of Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 1977; 130:1364–1381.

Bjorling DE, Wooley RE. EDTA-tromethamine lavage as an adjunct treatment for multiple fistulas in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1982; 181:596–597.

Blondeau JM. Fluoroquinolones: mechanism of action, classification, and development of resistance. Surv Ophthalmol 2004; 49(Suppl. 2): S73–S78.

Bloom P. A practical approach to diagnosing and managing ear disease in dogs. Compend Contin Educ Vet 2009 May;31(5):E1-5.

Blue JL, Wooley RE, Eagon RG. Treatment of experimentally induced Pseudomonas aeruginosa otitis externa in the dog by lavage with EDTA-tromethamine-lysozyme. Am J Vet Res 1974; 35: 1221–1223.

Bonomo RA, Szabo D. Mechanisms of multidrug resistance in Acinetobacter species and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 43(Suppl. 2): S49–S56.

Brown MRW, Richards RM. Effect of ethylenediamine tetraacetate on resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to antibacterial agents. Nature 1965; 207:1391–1393.

Bryan LE, Van Den Elzen HM. Effects of membrane-energy mutations and cations on streptomycin and gentamicin accumulation by bacteria: a model for entry of streptomycin and gentamicin in susceptible and resistant bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1977; 12:163–177. Bryan LE (1984) Antimicrobial drug resistance. Academic Press, New York, p 255–256

Buckley LM, McEwan NA, Nuttall T. Tris–EDTA significantly enhances antibiotic efficacy against multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro. Vet Dermatol 2013; 24:519–e122

Chew BP, Tjoelker LW, Tanaka TS: In vitro growth inhibition of mastitis causing bacteria by phenolics and metal chelators. J Dairy Sci 68:3037–3046, 1985.

Clark D. Managing otitis. An effective medical approach to this complicated problem starts with a thorough understanding of its causes. Banfield Publication, Sept-Oct 2005: 32-41.

Cole LK. Topical and systemic medications for otitis externa & otitis media. Western Veterinary Conference, 2013.

Cole LK, Luu DH, Rajala-Schultz PJ, Meadows C, Torres AH. In vitro activity of an ear rinse containing tromethamine, EDTA, benzyl alcohol and 0.1% ketoconazole on Malassezia organisms from dogs with otitis externa. Vet Dermatol. 2007 Apr;18(2):115-9.

Cole LK, Luu DH, Rajala-Schultz PJ et al. In vitro activity of an ear rinse containing tromethamine, EDTA, and benzyl alcohol on bacterial pathogens from dogs with otitis. Am J Vet Res 2006; 67:1040–1044.

Cole LK, Kwochka KW, Kowalski JJ et al. Microbial flora and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of isolated pathogens from the horizontal ear canal and middle ear in dogs with otitis media. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998; 212:534–538.

Colombini S, Merchant SR, Hosgood G. Microbial flora and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns from dogs with otitis media. Vet Dermatol 2000; 11:235–239.

Daigle JC. Canine otology: the one-hour version. Dermatology Presentation. Central Texas Veterinary Specialty Hospital.

Davis BD. Mechanism of bactericidal action of aminoglycosides. Microbiol Rev 1987; 51:341–350.

Farca AM, Nebbia P, Re G. Potentiation of the in vitro activity of some antimicrobial agents against selected Gram-negative bacteria by EDTA-tromethamine. Vet Res Commun 1993; 17:77–84.

Farca AM, Piromalli G, Maffei F et al. Potentiating effect of EDTA-Tris on the activity of antibiotics against resistant bacteria associated with otitis, dermatitis and cystitis. J Small Anim Pract 1997; 38:243–245.

Foster AP, DeBoer, DJ. The Role of Pseudomonas in Canine Ear Disease. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 1998; 20(8):909-918.

Gbadamosis S, Gotthelf LN. Evaluation of the in vitro effect of Tris–EDTA on the minimum inhibitory concentration of enrofloxacin against ciprofloxacin resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Vet Dermatol 2003; 14:222 (Abstract).

Gerberick GF, Castric PA: In vitro susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to carbenicillin, glycine, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid combinations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1980; 17:732–735.

Ginel PJ, Lucena R, Rodriguez JC, et al. A semiquantitative cytological evaluation of normal and pathological samples from the external ear canal of dogs and cats. Vet Derm 2002;13:151-156.

Goldschmidt MC, Wyss O. Role of tris in EDTA toxicity and lysozyme lysis. J Gen Microbiol 1967; 47:421–431.

Goldschmidt MC, Kuhn CR, Perry K, Johnson DE: EDTA and lysozyme lavage in the treatment of Pseudomonas and coliform bladder infections. J Urol 1972; 107:969–972.

Gotthelf LN. Ear Flushing and Treatment of Otitis Externa. NAVC Proceedings 2005.

Gotthelf LN. Topical Treatment of Otitis Media. NAVC Proceedings 2005.

Gotthelf LN. Diagnosis and treatment of otitis media in dogs and cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2004; 34: 469–487.

Gray GW, Wilkinson SG. The action of ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Appl Microbiol 1965; 28:153–164.

Griffin C. Pseudomonas Otitis Lecture. 31st WSAVA Congress, Prague 2006.

Hariharan H, Coles M, Poole D et al. Update on antimicrobial susceptibilities of bacterial isolates from canine and feline otitis externa. Can Vet J 2006; 47:253–255.

Heppel LS. Structure and function of biological membranes. 1972. Academic Press, New York, p 224–247

Hnilica KA. Eliminating Otitis in 4 Steps with 6 Products Dermatology Presentation. Pet Wellness Center, Knoxville Veterinary Referral Group

Jacoby GA. Mechanisms of resistance to quinolones. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41(Suppl. 2):S120–S126.

Kirkland KD, Fales WH, Blanchard TL et al. The in vitro effects of EDTA-tris, EDTA-tris-lysozyme, and antimicrobial agents on equine genital isolants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Theriogenology 1983; 20:287–295.• Kiss G, Radvanyi S, Szigeti G. New combination for the therapy of canine otitis externa I. Microbiology of otitis externa. J Small Anim Pract 1997; 38:51–56.

Koch SN. Canine and Feline Dermatology Drug Handbook. 2012. Ames: Wiley-Blackwell.

Lambert RJW, Hanlon GW, Denyer SP. The synergistic effect of EDTA/antimicrobial combinations on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Appl Microbiol 2004; 96:244–253.

Leive L. A nonspecific increase in permeability in Escherichia coli produced by EDTA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1968; 53:745–750.

Leive L. Release of lipopolysaccharide by EDTA treatment of E. coli. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1965; 21: 290–296.

Li XZ, Livermore DM, Nikaido H. Role of efflux pump(s) in intrinsic resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: resistance to tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and norfloxacin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994; 38:1732–1741.

Martín Barrasa JL, Lupiola Gómez P, González Lama Z et al. Antibacterial susceptibility patterns of Pseudomonas strains isolated from chronic canine otitis externa. J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health 2000; 47: 191–196.

Merchant SR. Medically managing chronic otitis externa and media. Vet Med 1997;92:518-534.

Miller WH, Griffin CE, Campbell KL. Bacterial skin diseases. In: Muller and Kirk’s Small Animal Dermatology, 7th edition. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co., 2012:184–222.

Monkhouse DC, Graves GA. The effect of EDTA on the resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to benzalkonium chloride. Aust J Pharm 1967; 48:570–575.

Morris DO. Medical therapy of otitis externa and otitis media. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2004; 34: 541–555.

Nikaido H. Prevention of drug access to bacterial targets: permeability barriers and active efflux. Science 1994; 264:382–388.

Nuttall TJ. Use of ticarcillin in the management of canine otitis externa complicated by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Small Anim Pract 1998; 39:165–168.

Pagés JM, Amaral L. Mechanisms of drug efflux and strategies to combat them: challenging the efflux pump of gram-negative bacteria. Biochim Biophys Acta 2009; 1794:826-833.

Pagés JM, Masi M, Barbe J. Inhibitors of efflux pumps in Gramnegative bacteria. Trends Mol Med 2005; 11:382–389.

Paterson S. Pseudomonas Otitis. NAVC’s Clinician’s Brief 2012.

Paterson, S. TechNova 5: Nuevos Protocolos en Limpieza de Oídos. VetNova.

Plant JD. Management of Otitis Externa. Banfield Publication 2009.

Plant JD. The Challenges of Otitis Media. Banfield Publication 2009.

Poole K, Lomovskaya O. Can efflux inhibitors really counter resistance? Infect Dis 2006. 3:145-152.

Poole K. Multidrug efflux pumps and antimicrobial resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and related organisms. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2001; 3:255–264.

Poole K, Srikumar R. Multidrug efflux in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: components, mechanisms and clinical significance. Curr Top Med Chem 2000; 1:59-71.

Prescott JF, Baggot JD, Walker RD. Antimicrobial Therapy in Veterinary Medicine. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press; 2000:12–26.

Rawal BD, Owen WR. Combined action of sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Appl Microbiol 1971; 21: 367–368.

Roberts NA, Gray GW, Wilkinson SG. Bactericidal action of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Microbios 1970; 2:189–208.

Rogers SW, Gilleland HE Jr, Eagon RG. Characterization of a protein-lipopolysaccharide complex released from cell walls of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Can J Microbiol 1969; 15:743–748.

Rosychuk RAW. Ten ways to maximize the benefits of ear therapy dermatology. Dermatology Presentation AAHA.

Rubin J, Walker RD, Blickenstaff K et al. Antimicrobial resistance and genetic characterization of fluoroquinolone resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from canine infections. Vet Microbiol 2008; 131:164–172.

Russel AD. Effect of magnesium ions and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid on the activity of vancomycin against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. J Appl Bacteriol 1967; 30:395–401.

Shao ZJ. Aquaculture pharmaceuticals and biologicals: current perspectives and future possibilities. Adv Drug Del Rev 2001; 50:231–236.

Sparks TA, Kemp DT, Wooley RE, Gibbs PS. Antimicrobial effect of combinations of EDTA-Tris and amikacin or neomycin on the microorganisms associated with otitis externa in dogs. Vet Res Commun 1994; 18:241–249.

Stuart NC. Treatment of fish diseases. Vet Rec 1983; 112:173–177

Swinney A, Fazakerley J, McEwan N et al. Comparative in vitro antimicrobial efficacy of commercial ear cleaners. Vet Dermatol 2008; 19:373–379.

Tejedor MT, Martin JL, Navia M et al. Mechanisms of fluoroquinolone resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from canine infections. Vet Microbiol 2003; 94:295–301.

Walker RD. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and interpretation of results. In: Prescott JF, Baggot JD, Walker RD (eds) Antimicrobial therapy in veterinary medicine, 3rd edn. Iowa State University Press, Ames, p 12–26

Weiser R, Asscher AW, Wimpenny J. In vitro reversal of antibiotic resistance by ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid. Nature 1968; 219:1365–1366.

White SD. Chronic otitis medicine – is there light at the end of the ear canal? Presentation. UC Davis

White PD. Medical management of chronic otitis in dogs. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 1999;21:716-728.

Wooley RE, Ritchie BW, Kemp DT, Burnley CA. In vitro evaluation of the antimicrobial effect of commercially available mastitis medications combined with EDTA-tris on bacteria that cause mastitis in cattle. Vet Therapeutics: Res Appl Vet Med 2002; 3:1–7

Wooley RE, Sander JE, Maurer JJ, Gibbs PS. In vitro effect of EDTA-tris on the efficacy of hatchery disinfectants. Avian Dis 2000; 44:901–906.

Wooley RE, Jones MS, Shotts EB Jr. Uptake of antibiotics in gram-negative bacteria exposed to EDTA-Tris. Vet Microbiol 1984; 10:57–70.

Wooley RE, Jones MS, Shotts EB. Uptake of antibiotics in Gram-negative bacteria exposed to EDTA-tris. Vet Microbiol 1984b; 10:57–70

Wooley RE, Jones MS, Gilbert JP, Shotts EB. In vitro action of combinations of antimicrobial agents with EDTAtromethamine on Proteus vulgaris of canine origin. Am J Vet Res 1984a; 45:1451–1454

Wooley RE, Jones MS, Gilbert JP, Shotts EB. In vitro action of combinations of antimicrobial agents and EDTAtromethamine on Escherichia coli. Am J Vet Res 1983a; 44: 1154–1158

Wooley RE, Jones MS, Gilbert JP, Shotts EB. In vitro action of combinations of antimicrobial agents and EDTAtromethamine on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Am J Vet Res 1983b; 44:1521–1524

Wooley RE, Jones MS, Gilbert JP, Shotts EB. In vitro effect of combinations of antimicrobial agents and EDTAtromethamine on certain Gram-positive bacteria. Am J Vet Res 1983c; 44:2167–2169

Wooley RE, Jones MS, Gilbert JP et al. In vitro action of combinations of antimicrobial agents and EDTA-tromethamine on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Am J Vet Res 1983; 44:1521–1524.

Wooley RE, Jones MS. Action of EDTA-tris and antimicrobial agent combinations on selected pathogenic bacteria. Vet Microbiol 1983; 8:271–280.

Wooley RE, Jones MS, Gilbert JP, Schotts EB Jr. In vitro effect of combinations of antimicrobial agents and EDTA-tromethamine on certain gram-positive bacteria. Am J Vet Res 1983; 44:2167–2169.

Wooley RE, Berman AP, Shotts EB Jr. Antibiotic-tromethamine-EDTA lavage for the treatment of bacterial rhinitis in a dog. JAVMA 1979; 75:817–818.

Wooley RE, Blue JL. In vitro effect of EDTA-Tris-lysozyme on selected pathogenic bacteria. J Med Microbiol 1975; 8:189–194.

Wooley RE, Schall WD, Eagon RG, Scott TA. Efficacy of EDTA-Tris-lysozyme lavage in the treatment of experimentally induced Pseudomonas aeruginosa cystitis in the dog. Am J Vet Res 1974; 35:27–29.

Youngquist RS. Pseudomonas metritis in a mare. Vet Med/Small Anim Clin 1975; 70:340–342.

Youngquist RS, Blanchard TL, Lapin D, Klein W (1984) The effects of EDTA-tris infusion on the equine endometrium. Therogenol 22:593–599